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The Most Famous

BIOLOGISTS from Poland

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This page contains a list of the greatest Polish Biologists. The pantheon dataset contains 841 Biologists, 16 of which were born in Poland. This makes Poland the birth place of the 11th most number of Biologists behind Netherlands and Italy.

Top 10

The following people are considered by Pantheon to be the top 10 most legendary Polish Biologists of all time. This list of famous Polish Biologists is sorted by HPI (Historical Popularity Index), a metric that aggregates information on a biography’s online popularity. Visit the rankings page to view the entire list of Polish Biologists.

Photo of Günter Blobel

1. Günter Blobel (1936 - 2018)

With an HPI of 61.28, Günter Blobel is the most famous Polish Biologist.  His biography has been translated into 55 different languages on wikipedia.

Günter Blobel (German pronunciation: [ˈɡʏntɐ ˈbloːbl̩] ; May 21, 1936 – February 18, 2018) was a Silesian German and American biologist and 1999 Nobel Prize laureate in Physiology for the discovery that proteins have intrinsic signals that govern their transport and localization in the cell.

Photo of Ferdinand Cohn

2. Ferdinand Cohn (1828 - 1898)

With an HPI of 60.70, Ferdinand Cohn is the 2nd most famous Polish Biologist.  His biography has been translated into 35 different languages.

Ferdinand Julius Cohn (24 January 1828 – 25 June 1898) was a German-Polish biologist. He is one of the founders of modern bacteriology and microbiology.

Photo of Georg Forster

3. Georg Forster (1754 - 1794)

With an HPI of 59.93, Georg Forster is the 3rd most famous Polish Biologist.  His biography has been translated into 38 different languages.

Johann George Adam Forster, also known as Georg Forster (German pronunciation: [ˈɡeːɔʁk ˈfɔʁstɐ], 27 November 1754 – 10 January 1794), was a German geographer, naturalist, ethnologist, travel writer, journalist and revolutionary. At an early age, he accompanied his father, Johann Reinhold Forster, on several scientific expeditions, including James Cook's second voyage to the Pacific. His report of that journey, A Voyage Round the World, contributed significantly to the ethnology of the people of Polynesia and remains a respected work. As a result of the report, Forster, who was admitted to the Royal Society at the early age of twenty-two, came to be considered one of the founders of modern scientific travel literature. After returning to continental Europe, Forster turned toward academia. He taught natural history at the Collegium Carolinum in the Ottoneum, Kassel (1778–84), and later at the Academy of Vilna (Vilnius University) (1784–87). In 1788, he became head librarian at the University of Mainz. Most of his scientific work during this time consisted of essays on botany and ethnology, but he also prefaced and translated many books about travel and exploration, including a German translation of Cook's diaries. Forster was a central figure of the Enlightenment in Germany, and corresponded with most of its adherents, including his close friend Georg Christoph Lichtenberg. His ideas, travelogues and personality influenced Alexander von Humboldt, one of the great scientists of the 19th century who hailed Forster as the founder of both comparative ethnology (Völkerkunde) and regional geography (Länderkunde). When the French took control of Mainz in 1792, Forster played a leading role in the Mainz Republic, the earliest republican state in Germany. During July 1793 and while he was in Paris as a delegate of the young Mainz Republic, Prussian and Austrian coalition forces regained control of the city and Forster was declared an outlaw. Unable to return to Germany and separated from his friends and family, he died in Paris of illness in early 1794, not yet 40.

Photo of Adolf Engler

4. Adolf Engler (1844 - 1930)

With an HPI of 55.97, Adolf Engler is the 4th most famous Polish Biologist.  His biography has been translated into 30 different languages.

Heinrich Gustav Adolf Engler (25 March 1844 – 10 October 1930) was a German botanist. He is notable for his work on plant taxonomy and phytogeography, such as Die natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien (The Natural Plant Families), edited with Karl A. E. von Prantl. Even now, his system of plant classification, the Engler system, is still used by many herbaria and is followed by writers of many manuals and floras. It is still the only system that treats all 'plants' (in the wider sense, algae to flowering plants) in such depth.Engler published a prodigious number of taxonomic works. He used various artists to illustrate his books, notably Joseph Pohl (1864–1939), an illustrator who had served an apprenticeship as a wood-engraver. Pohl's skill drew Engler's attention, starting a collaboration of some 40 years. Pohl produced more than 33 000 drawings in 6 000 plates for Die naturlichen Pflanzenfamilien. He also illustrated Das Pflanzenreich (1900–1953), Die Pflanzenwelt Afrikas (1908–1910), Monographien afrikanischer Pflanzenfamilien (1898–1904) and the journals Engler's botanische Jahrbücher.

Photo of Johann Reinhold Forster

5. Johann Reinhold Forster (1729 - 1798)

With an HPI of 53.36, Johann Reinhold Forster is the 5th most famous Polish Biologist.  His biography has been translated into 31 different languages.

Johann Reinhold Forster (22 October 1729 – 9 December 1798) was a German Reformed (Calvinist) pastor and naturalist of partially Scottish descent who made contributions to the early ornithology of Europe and North America. He is best known as the naturalist on James Cook's second Pacific voyage, where he was accompanied by his son Georg Forster. These expeditions promoted the career of Johann Reinhold Forster and the findings became the bedrock of colonial professionalism and helped set the stage for the future development of anthropology and ethnology. They also laid the framework for general concern about the impact that alteration of the physical environment for European economic expansion would have on exotic societies.

Photo of Julius von Sachs

6. Julius von Sachs (1832 - 1897)

With an HPI of 51.76, Julius von Sachs is the 6th most famous Polish Biologist.  Her biography has been translated into 19 different languages.

Julius von Sachs (German: [zaks]; 2 October 1832 – 29 May 1897) was a German botanist from Breslau, Prussian Silesia. He is considered the founder of experimental plant physiology and co-founder of modern water culture. Julius von Sachs and Wilhelm Knop are monumental figures in the history of botany by first demonstrating the importance of water culture for the study of plant nutrition and plant physiology in the 19th century.

Photo of Martin Rathke

7. Martin Rathke (1793 - 1860)

With an HPI of 49.82, Martin Rathke is the 7th most famous Polish Biologist.  His biography has been translated into 17 different languages.

Martin Heinrich Rathke (25 August 1793, Danzig – 3 September 1860, Königsberg) was a German embryologist and anatomist. Along with Karl Ernst von Baer and Christian Heinrich Pander, he is recognized as one of the founders of modern embryology. He was the father of chemist Bernhard Rathke (1840–1923). He studied medicine and natural history at the University of Göttingen, later relocating to Berlin, where he received his doctorate in medicine (1818). In 1828 he was named professor of physiology, pathology and semiotics at the University of Dorpat. In 1832/33 he undertook research expeditions to Finland and to the Crimea. Rathke was a professor of zoology and anatomy at Königsberg from 1835 to 1860. In 1839, while based in Königsberg, he travelled to Scandinavia, where he conducted studies of marine organisms. He studied marine organisms and the embryonic development of sex organs. He was the first to describe the brachial clefts and gill arches in the embryos of mammals and birds. He also first described in 1839 the embryonic structure, now known as Rathke's pouch, from which the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland develops. He was the first to discover that the amphioxus was a separate taxa, and not the larvae of a mollusk, as previously thought. He was the author of several writings on crustaceans, mollusks and worms, and also the author of works on vertebrates, such as the lemming and various reptiles.

Photo of C. L. Gloger

8. C. L. Gloger (1803 - 1863)

With an HPI of 49.32, C. L. Gloger is the 8th most famous Polish Biologist.  His biography has been translated into 19 different languages.

Constantin Wilhelm Lambert Gloger (17 September 1803 near Grottkau, Silesia, Kingdom of Prussia – 30 December 1863 in Berlin) was a German zoologist and ornithologist. Gloger was the first person to recognise the structural differences between swallows and swifts, and also the first to put up artificial bat boxes. He was the originator of what is now known as Gloger's rule, which states that dark pigments increase in races of animals (birds were the examples in which he originally noticed the pattern) living in warm and humid habitats. He put forward this theory in his Das Abändern der Vögel durch Einfluss des Klimas (1833). The exact way this pattern is actually caused is still unclear, but in birds it has been suggested that darker pigmented plumage provides protection against feather-degrading bacteria, whose activity is greater in warm and humid regions. His other works include Gemeinnütziges Hand- und Hilfsbuch der Naturgeschichte (1841).

Photo of Johannes Thiele

9. Johannes Thiele (1860 - 1935)

With an HPI of 49.18, Johannes Thiele is the 9th most famous Polish Biologist.  His biography has been translated into 18 different languages.

Karl Hermann Johannes Thiele (1 October 1860 – 5 August 1935) was a German zoologist specialized in malacology. Thiele was born in Goldap, East Prussia. His Handbuch der systematischen Weichtierkunde (English edition published by the Smithsonian under the title Handbook of Systematic Malacology) is a standard work. From 1904 until his retirement in 1925 he was the curator of the malacological collection at the Museum für Naturkunde (Museum of Natural History) in Berlin. Thiele described more than 1.500 new species of molluscs; until today their types are deposited with the Museum of Natural History in Berlin. Especially important are his works on the Mollusca of the First German Antarctica Expedition and of the German Deep Sea Expedition aboard the vessel Valdivia. Thiele's classification of Gastropoda has been in use up to the past decade. It modified an earlier concept of Henri Milne-Edwards (1848) with three subclasses: Prosobranchia, Opisthobranchia and Pulmonata. Thiele's classification was based on overall similarity between the species. This classification has been modified over the years, one recent example being the classification of Ponder & Lindberg, 1997, based on phylogenetic arguments. He became the first to describe Geodia exigua in 1898.

Photo of Ludwik Hirszfeld

10. Ludwik Hirszfeld (1884 - 1954)

With an HPI of 48.72, Ludwik Hirszfeld is the 10th most famous Polish Biologist.  His biography has been translated into 15 different languages.

Ludwik Hirszfeld (Polish pronunciation: [ˈludvik xirʂfelt]; 5 August 1884 – 7 March 1954) was a Polish microbiologist and serologist. He is considered a co-discoverer of the inheritance of ABO blood types.

People

Pantheon has 16 people classified as biologists born between 1729 and 1936. Of these 16, none of them are still alive today. The most famous deceased biologists include Günter Blobel, Ferdinand Cohn, and Georg Forster. As of April 2022, 2 new biologists have been added to Pantheon including Ludwik Hirszfeld and Jan Sztolcman.

Deceased Biologists

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Newly Added Biologists (2022)

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Overlapping Lives

Which Biologists were alive at the same time? This visualization shows the lifespans of the 15 most globally memorable Biologists since 1700.

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