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The Most Famous

PHYSICIANS from Japan

This page contains a list of the greatest Japanese Physicians. The pantheon dataset contains 502 Physicians, 14 of which were born in Japan. This makes Japan the birth place of the 10th most number of Physicians behind Turkey and Switzerland.

Top 10

The following people are considered by Pantheon to be the top 10 most legendary Japanese Physicians of all time. This list of famous Japanese Physicians is sorted by HPI (Historical Popularity Index), a metric that aggregates information on a biography’s online popularity. Visit the rankings page to view the entire list of Japanese Physicians.

1. Shirō Ishii (1892 - 1959)

With an HPI of 65.28, Shirō Ishii is the most famous Japanese Physician. His biography has been translated into 30 different languages on wikipedia.

Surgeon General Shirō Ishii (Japanese: 石井四郎, Hepburn: Ishii Shirō, [iɕiː ɕiɾoː]; June 25, 1892 – October 9, 1959) was a Japanese war criminal, microbiologist and army medical officer who was the director of Unit 731, a biological warfare unit of the Imperial Japanese Army. Ishii led the development and application of biological weapons at Unit 731 in Manchukuo during the Second Sino-Japanese War from 1937 to 1945, including the bubonic plague attacks at Chinese cities of Changde and Ningbo, and planned the Operation Cherry Blossoms at Night biological attack against the United States. Ishii and his colleagues also engaged in human experimentation, resulting in the deaths of over 10,000 subjects, most of them civilians or prisoners of war. Estimates for the number of people killed by Japanese biological warfare range as high as 300,000. Ishii was later granted immunity in the International Military Tribunal for the Far East by the United States government in exchange for information and research for the U.S. biological warfare program.

2. Kitasato Shibasaburō (1853 - 1931)

With an HPI of 59.98, Kitasato Shibasaburō is the 2nd most famous Japanese Physician. His biography has been translated into 45 different languages.

Baron Kitasato Shibasaburō (北里柴三郎, January 29 [O.S. 17 January] , 1853 – June 13, 1931) was a Japanese physician and bacteriologist. He is remembered as the co-discoverer of the infectious agent of bubonic plague in Hong Kong during an outbreak in 1894, almost simultaneously with Alexandre Yersin. Kitasato was nominated for the first annual Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1901. Kitasato and Emil von Behring, working together in Berlin in 1890, announced the discovery of diphtheria antitoxin serum. Von Behring was awarded the 1901 Nobel Prize because of this work, but Kitasato was not.

3. Hakaru Hashimoto (1881 - 1934)

With an HPI of 54.68, Hakaru Hashimoto is the 3rd most famous Japanese Physician. His biography has been translated into 19 different languages.

Hakaru Hashimoto (橋本策, Hashimoto Hakaru, May 5, 1881 – January 9, 1934) was a Japanese doctor and medical scientist of the Meiji and Taishō periods. He is best known for publishing the first description of the disease that was later named Hashimoto's thyroiditis.

4. Shinya Yamanaka (1962 - )

With an HPI of 53.74, Shinya Yamanaka is the 4th most famous Japanese Physician. His biography has been translated into 53 different languages.

Shinya Yamanaka (山中伸弥, Yamanaka Shin'ya, born September 4, 1962) is a Japanese stem cell researcher and a Nobel Prize laureate. He is a professor and the director emeritus of Center for iPS Cell (induced Pluripotent Stem Cell) Research and Application, Kyoto University; as a senior investigator at the UCSF-affiliated Gladstone Institutes in San Francisco, California; and as a professor of anatomy at University of California, San Francisco (UCSF). Yamanaka is also a past president of the International Society for Stem Cell Research (ISSCR). He received the 2010 BBVA Foundation Frontiers of Knowledge Award in the biomedicine category, the 2011 Wolf Prize in Medicine with Rudolf Jaenisch, and the 2012 Millennium Technology Prize together with Linus Torvalds. In 2012, he and John Gurdon were awarded the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine for the discovery that mature cells can be converted to stem cells. In 2013, he was awarded the $3 million Breakthrough Prize in Life Sciences for his work.

5. Tasuku Honjo (1942 - )

With an HPI of 52.82, Tasuku Honjo is the 5th most famous Japanese Physician. His biography has been translated into 46 different languages.

Tasuku Honjo (本庶佑, Honjo Tasuku, born January 27, 1942) is a Japanese physician-scientist and immunologist. He won the 2018 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine and is best known for his identification of programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1). He is also known for his molecular identification of cytokines: IL-4 and IL-5, as well as the discovery of activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) that is essential for class switch recombination and somatic hypermutation. He was elected as a foreign associate of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States (2001), as a member of German Academy of Natural Scientists Leopoldina (2003), and also as a member of the Japan Academy (2005). In 2018, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine along with James P. Allison. He and Allison together had won the 2014 Tang Prize in Biopharmaceutical Science for the same achievement.

6. Kusumoto Ine (1827 - 1903)

With an HPI of 51.36, Kusumoto Ine is the 6th most famous Japanese Physician. Her biography has been translated into 19 different languages.

Kusumoto Ine (楠本イネ, 31 May 1827 – 27 August 1903; born Shiimoto Ine 失本稲) was a Japanese physician. She was the first female doctor of Western medicine in Japan. She was the daughter of Kusumoto Taki, who was a courtesan from Nagasaki; and the German physician Philipp Franz von Siebold, who worked on Dejima, an island foreigners were restricted to during Japan's long period of seclusion from the world. Ine was also known as O-Ine and later in life took the name Itoku (伊篤). In Japanese she is often called Oranda O-Ine ("Dutch O-Ine") for her association with Dejima and its Dutch-language Western learning. Siebold was banished from Japan in 1829 but managed to provide for Ine and her mother and arranged for his students and associates to care for them. Ine's reputation grew after she became a doctor of Western medicine, and she won the patronage of the feudal lord Date Munenari. She studied in various parts of Japan under numerous teachers, one of whom impregnated her—likely having raped her—resulting in her only daughter; she never married. She settled in Tokyo after the country ended its seclusion, and assisted in the birth by one of Emperor Meiji's concubines in 1873. Since her death Ine has been the subject of novels, plays, comics, and musicals in Japan.

7. Hiroshi Nakajima (1928 - 2013)

With an HPI of 51.18, Hiroshi Nakajima is the 7th most famous Japanese Physician. His biography has been translated into 16 different languages.

Hiroshi Nakajima (中嶋宏, Nakajima Hiroshi, May 16, 1928 – January 26, 2013) was a Japanese doctor known chiefly for his tenure as Director-General of the World Health Organization.

8. Kiyoshi Shiga (1871 - 1957)

With an HPI of 50.83, Kiyoshi Shiga is the 8th most famous Japanese Physician. His biography has been translated into 20 different languages.

Kiyoshi Shiga (志賀潔, Shiga Kiyoshi, February 7, 1871 – January 25, 1957) was a Japanese physician and bacteriologist. He had a well-rounded education and career that led to many scientific discoveries. In 1897, Shiga was credited with the discovery and identification of the Shigella dysenteriae microorganism which causes dysentery, and the Shiga toxin which is produced by the bacteria. He conducted research on other diseases such as tuberculosis and trypanosomiasis, and made many advancements in bacteriology and immunology.

9. Hiraga Gennai (1728 - 1780)

With an HPI of 50.76, Hiraga Gennai is the 9th most famous Japanese Physician. His biography has been translated into 17 different languages.

Hiraga Gennai (平賀源内, born c.1729; died 1779 or 1780) was a Japanese polymath and rōnin of the Edo period. He was a pharmacologist, student of Rangaku, physician, author, painter and inventor well known for his Erekiteru (electrostatic generator), Kandankei (thermometer): 462 and Kakanpu (asbestos cloth): 67 . Gennai composed several works of literature, including the fictional satires Fūryū Shidōken den (1763),: 486-512 the Nenashigusa (1763),: 463-486 : 115-124 and the Nenashigusa kohen (1768), and the satirical essays On Farting: 393–9 and A Lousy Journey of Love.: 62-4 He also authored two guidebooks on the male prostitutes of Japan, the Kiku no en (1764) and the San no asa (1768).: 75 His birth name was Shiraishi Kunitomo, but he later used numerous pen names, including Kyūkei (鳩渓), Fūrai Sanjin (風来山人) (his principal literary pen name), Tenjiku rōnin (天竺浪人) and Fukuchi Kigai (福内鬼外). He is best known by the name Hiraga Gennai.

10. Sunao Tawara (1873 - 1952)

With an HPI of 50.40, Sunao Tawara is the 10th most famous Japanese Physician. His biography has been translated into 15 different languages.

Sunao Tawara (田原淳, Tawara Sunao, July 5, 1873 – January 19, 1952) was a Japanese pathologist known for the discovery of the atrioventricular node. Tawara was born in Ōita Prefecture and studied at the Medical School, Imperial University of Tokyo in Tokyo, graduating in 1901 and receiving his Doctorate of Medical Science in 1908. Between 1903 and 1906 he spent in Philipps University of Marburg in Marburg, studying pathology and pathological anatomy with Ludwig Aschoff. It was here he undertook his important works on pathology and anatomy of heart. Upon returning to Japan he was appointed assistant professor of pathology at Kyushu Imperial University in Fukuoka, obtaining full professorship in 1908. Node of Tawara: a remnant of primitive fibers found in all mammalian hearts at the base of the interauricular septum, and forming the beginning of the auriculoventricular bundle or bundle of His, which is a muscular band, containing nerve fibers, connecting the auricles with the ventricles of the heart. The Node of Tawara is also called the atrioventricular node, the auriculoventricular node, Aschoff's node, and the node of Aschoff and Tawara. Tawara's monograph, "Das Reizleitungssystem des Säugetierherzens" (English: "The Conduction System of the Mammalian Heart") was published in 1906.

People

Pantheon has 14 people classified as physicians born between 1728 and 1962. Of these 14, 3 (21.43%) of them are still alive today. The most famous living physicians include Shinya Yamanaka, Tasuku Honjo, and Akira Endo. The most famous deceased physicians include Shirō Ishii, Kitasato Shibasaburō, and Hakaru Hashimoto. As of April 2022, 4 new physicians have been added to Pantheon including Hiroshi Nakajima, Sunao Tawara, and Kyusaku Ogino.